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前段时间课窝O-LEVEL推出的O水准备战书系列,针对最后阶段复习为主,所以这次希望能继续整理完善不同科目的题型,力求对科目学习有更细致的解读。在此希望大家能有所启发,学有所成!
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此前提到过,Social Studies 分为两部分,SBQ(source-based)和SRQ (structure-response/essay).其中SBQ占分比重较大,35/50;而SRQ也不可忽视,15/50(而且把握度大,有内容可以记背复习,提前准备十分重要)。下面O-LEVEL考试就与大家分享一下做题总结与平时学习的过程~
首先,SBQ部分:
1, 读Background Information的重要性:对不熟悉的话题有大概了解,对熟悉的话题有新的讨论方向定位和范围圈定。展示两种(或以上)对立观点之间的矛盾与冲突——让你大概知道两种角度看问题会有什么立场。必要时,能作为cross-reference的材料,在答题中直接使用(不是首选)。
2, 读题,看分值,想套路。
*** 小窍门:若是碰到不熟悉的题目,无论是思考新套路,还是揣测得分点的出发点,都应是从出题人/看卷者的心理出发:问自己,老师想知道我会什么?老师希望看到我展示分析上的什么技巧(cross-referencingskill? Comparison skill? Inference skill?...)
更多题型总结:
Example1: What is the message of this source?
思路:这道题一般是SBQ中的第一道,5/6分. 比较常见的做法是将其当作普通inference QN来做,但多做几遍后我发现比较稳妥的做法是不仅仅指出inference (即“message”),而还需要指出此message的效果。即:Message (what the author wants to tellthe Audience) +Outcome (what the author wants the Audience todo/ what action is expected of the Audience after they receive the message)
可以如此理解此思路:作者写出/讲出这些话无非是要向读者/观众传递一些信息(inference:想告诉观众些什么),但传递信息肯定是有目的的:(鲜少有单纯的“inform”/告知/通知目的)。
但此目的只要自己明白就好,答题一般不需要(需要明确提出目的的主要是purpose WHYQN)。这一目的,或是劝服(persuade, convince),或是抨击责判(condemn, criticise),或是褒赞(credit, praise),最终都是希望观众在收到信息之后有所反应,从而做出行动。(先是emotional response [通过作者言辞而感受喜恶——positive/negative],然后有action)。
所以message QN要提到最后的行动(即作者希望观众做出什么行动)【不过也不需要繁复地叙述此行动,只需要稍稍提到,保证看卷老师知道你明白这个message的重要性和作用即可】。Eg, 在最后说 (在P-E-E后):as such, the authorwants to convey the message that…, so that the audience/readers would feel in a similarlynegative/positive way and hence… [action].
Example2: Why …? (Purpose Question)
思路:PAMOS + context*
Purpose, Audience, Message, Outcome, Supporting evidence.
(a) Purpose: 基于文意,最直接的目的:credit, discredit, condemn,criticise, mock, praise, persuade…(一定是一个verb)
(b) Audience: 越具体越好。(具体到国籍,某一具体刊物的读者等)eg, Singaporeanreaders, the readers of xx newspaper, netizens who visit the blog…,但要注意的是,需要看具体source的provenance。
比如说我之前做过一道source是一个联合国的官员写的,虽然讲的是新加坡法律严苛,言论自由缺失,但由于作者身份,而且刊物也不是新加坡本地报纸,所以面向观众不仅是广大新加坡人,而是全球. 并且作者身份特殊,联合国亦是政府集合组织,所以观众比较特殊:不是民众,而是各国政府/政府官员/首脑。
Audience一定要写对!我过往的经验是,若是audience错了,其他分析再准确也只能得2分。
所以若是不确定,一定要记得凡是人文科(地理,社会学)都是看到对的给分,错的忽略——所以可以多写possible audience groups(eg, the audience mayalso include xxx)。
(c) Message:inference.多练漫画/图类source,熟悉接触一些politicalcartoons常用的symbol以及其背后含义(但也要注意不是所有符号在各个漫画都含义相同)。
(d) Outcome: expected action taken by the audienceàfinalresult wanted by the author.一般来说,仅仅观众引起情感共鸣并且采取行动并不是作者想要的单纯结果,作者大都想通过得到民众支持/赞同进而改变政府政策[这个思路只适用于草根(grass-root)作者想要批判/探讨政府政策;不适用于政府官员面对民众或是政府官员之间的source]。因此,action taken by theaudience不是final outcome. 而由audience action以致于government policy change,此间的因果联系须阐释清楚:eg, 拿healthcare的讨论做例子:the cartoonist … sothat the audience would view healthcare policy in a similarly negative light,hence they will pressurethe government (action)toreview this policy so that healthcare scheme couldbe improved upon, to be more affordable.(final result desired) * improve是个很不明确的词,因此最好specify improve/refine的效果(即更正问题):moreaffordable.
(e)Supportingevidence: pick the most pertinent.
(f) ***Context:所探讨问题的时代背景/社会现象(不是所有学校都要求,一两句带过就好)。比如说,一个讲immigrantsintegration into Singapore 的source,其context可以是: As more immigrantsare admitted into Singapore due to more open policies, some locals find itdifficult to communicate with those newcomers.
3,关于准备:除了刷题,另一种长期积累素材、熟悉时事的做法,就是阅读报刊。读新加坡本地刊物既可以为英语作文、口语考试打下内容基础,甚至对以后初院学习GP(upgraded English, andmuch more difficult than O Level English)也有很大帮助,也可以帮助你更好地了解新加坡社会:亦是Social Studies学科的本质目的。积累还可以通过做题后上网搜查资料对话题进行深入了解;也可以对课本上不了解的组织、活动、政府运作系统进行了解。在这里给大家列举一些我曾碰到过若是不熟悉便会在做题时有些吃力的话题(机构,制度):
A. CPF, Central Provident Fund制度
B. Three “M”—Medishield, Medisave and Medifund制度
C. GRC, Group Representation Constituency 制度
D. NTUC, NationalTrade Union Congress 机构
E. PA (People’sAssociation), CC(Community Club)机构
*** What is CPF?
The CPF is a mandatory social security savings scheme funded bycontributions from employers and employees.
The CPF is a key pillar ofSingapore’s social security system, and serves to meet our retirement, housingand healthcare needs.
The government also helps tosupplement the CPF savings of lower wage workers through schemes such asWorkfare and top-ups to MediSave for senior citizens.
https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/central-provident-fund/what-is-cpf
https://www.cpf.gov.sg/Members/Schemes
*** GroupRepresentation Constituency
A GroupRepresentation Constituency (GRC) is a type of electoraldivision or constituency in Singapore in which teams of candidates, instead of individual candidates, compete to beelected into Parliament as the Members of Parliament (MPs) for theconstituency. TheGovernmentstated that the GRC scheme was primarily implemented to enshrineminority representation in Parliament: at least one of theMPs in a GRC must be a member of the Malay, Indian or another minoritycommunity of Singapore. In addition, it was economical for town councils,which manage public housing estates, to handle larger constituencies.
*** Unfair disadvantageagainst the opposition by grouping new candidates with established politiciansso as to enrol them into the parliamentary/law-making body?
Straits times: rollback the grc system
Wikipedia:representative democracy in Singapore
tandfonline: Theautocratic mandate: elections, legitimacy and regime stability in Singapore
https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/roll-back-the-grc-system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy_in_Singapore
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09512748.2016.1201134?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=CCZQJ6FevQzkxbMBQyKE&forwardService=showFullText&doi=10.1080%2F09512748.2016.1201134&doi=10.1080%2F09512748.2016.1201134&journalCode=rpre20
4, 关于多练习:上次提到过与别的学校的小伙伴们互换题目和marking Scheme, 还有另一种不错的方法是直接买题(+答案)。我个人开始得比较晚,是中四下期才开始系统地看题和大规模总结,但起步早绝对是很有优势的。辅导书不需要多,而要精。主要是看内容总结的Quality和答案的standard,合口味的才是好的。在这里特别安利两本书(谢谢借书给我的学弟!
)这两本书对课本的总结很到位,还有不少额外知识(value-added!)在popular可以买得到。(好像不是每家都有,住东边的同学可以在bedok mall的书店买得到)
Q&A:有些同学问我背书若是背得太早记不住,现在还有(不到)一个月考试,应该开始背了吗?——我个人觉得背书开始的早就可以反复记诵,加深记忆,不失为好事。我当时的做法是先细读理解,咬文嚼字,梳整条理,自己做成简单的notes,考前一星期再背condensed的notes。(这个主要针对SRQ)对重点内容要仔细背(globalisation, terrorism, identity)。而SBQ一直要坚持练习,最好每两三天就做一套,并且一定要发给老师,看评论,不懂的要弄明白为止。我当时老师曾笑称说我每道题询问仔细程度像是要冲着满分去不可,现在想想确实特别有拼劲,不过力求满分在改卷标准不确定的OLevel情况下也算是最稳妥的吧。
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