如何备考O-LEVEL​地理？看完这篇文章你就明白了！！

　　课窝O-LEVEL谈谈该如何备考O-LEVEL地理——O-LEVEL地理内容多得可怕，背了又忘，甚至记住了有时候答题也不一定高分的磨人科目。

　　希望能助你一臂之力!

　　D.Geography (elective), [most methods should be applicable to core geography aswell]选修地理 /全科地理

　　1. 看错题，总结四种主要题型的答题方法：Explain的题最基础，基本背书本内容就可以写好，需要注意的是logical flow and coherence in explanation(可以考虑按自己的思路去补充课本内容思维跳跃的部分);Describe图片的题目分有diagram和photo两种，在中三physical geography课本的最后一章有详细的步骤指导，很管用。这种题有相对固定的套路，但想要熟练掌握，还是需要多练习，多接触不同的图，尤其是photo(2017我这年的O考就出现了)。

　　【diagram】general-specific/abnormal(先找总体走势;再点出异常的部分[比如说整体某变量上增，而某两年间该量却减少了];最后解释出现异常的原因

　　[Tourism topic: 08-09 number oftourists decreasedà due toglobal financial crisis leading to general fall in incomes and cut in spendingon leisure activities such as travelling; 03 SARS outbreak etc.]

　　[Food topic: 08-09 globalfinancial crisis; 05 Mad Cow disease in America and Europeàmay be used to explain fall in demand for/consumption of beef]

　　【photo】

　　Example 1: Describe the appearance of a landform.

　　Points toconsider:

　　1, shape: eg. Sharp peaks, multiple peaks, triangularpeaks

　　2, size: (in comparison with another photo) wide,large, broad, narrow bases or summits

　　3, gradient: gentle /steep slopes

　　4, colour

　　5, material: rock type, soil type,content made up (eg, lava, ash, basalt, sediment rock, stones, etc.), otherfeatures (snow-capped, which indicates high altitude; vegetation, tree/grass atbase)

　　6, texture

　　7, height

　　8, width

　　(*Use indicators for photos:Foreground/ back ground, middle ground, left right centre)

　　Example2: compare appearances of mountains/landforms, with some information given.

　　Similarities and Differences:

　　1, number of cones (singular,mulptiple)

　　2, height (higher than, by xxxmetres, shown by snow-capped top)

　　3, width (broader base… km…wider;mountain range that spans a large area)

　　4, crater (shape: pointy, narrow vs.broad, flat)

　　5, shape (base, slope, summit,profile)

　　6, texture (rocky, rugged, roughsurface)

　　2. 8- mark Essay，选题选对很关键，但课本的个部分内容还是要尽可能掌握透彻，尽管对elective geography来说，有选题可以避免不回答一些章节的内容一说(但OLevel毕竟不是fully predictable的)。万能的Point-explanation-example-link结构中,最后的Link照应题目(directly answer the question)至关重要。几个factor的comparison在结尾也必须写到。我的建议是考前就把在同一个topic下的几个factor，想好different level of importance,和reason，不要等到考试碰到题目再思考。

　　*** 下面的例子是一篇essay练习，有时用词使用简短表达，语法也不是完全准确(真实经历：在考试中，很难做到语法无可挑剔，但只要不影响语句的理解，不会丢分——关键是要写完!)

　　Example 1: Question: “Human Activities are a greater influenceon climate change than natural causes.” Do you agree?

　　Essay Plan/Structure

　　(A)Agreewith the given/mentioned factor (i.e. human activities—human factors)

　　(B)Disagreewith this factor, by pointing out other factors (i.e. natural factors)

　　(C)Comparisonand make a judgement: which set of factors is more important? (CONCLUSION)

　　具体解析：

　　Overall stand (中心观点): Agree. 即Human factors are more important than natural factors. 同时解释“important”——have grater impacts on climate.

　　*** 在这里，我决定先提出比较弱的factor，即natural factors。然后可以自然而然地提出还有比其对climate影响更大的factor，即human factors。

　　(A) It is undeniable that natural causes lead toclimate change.

　　1, Variation in solar output

　　*** 由于这是较弱的点(less important impact)，而一般要求整篇文章有三个大点即可，所以可以只解释一个natural factor的其中一个factor,作为小点。

　　*** 注意PEEL (Explanation 要严谨;Example一定要具体【数据、年份、地点等】;Link要明确：回归题目，指出这个factor对climate是有影响的)

　　*** 参考：

　　When solar magnetic activity isintense, the number of sun spots increases. Areas surrounding the sun spotsradiate more heat to compensate the lower temperature, thereby increasing solarradiation. The Earth receives more solar energy and has higher temperature.Vice versa, when number of sun spots decreases, the temperature decreases. Asthe number of sun spots rises and falls in an eleven-year cycle, the globaltemperature changes: when the number of sun spots is at its maximum, temperatureis the highest; when number of sun spots is at its minimum, temperature is the lowest.[LINK:]This changein temperature leads to climate change.

　　[example:] Forexample, in 2000, when solar activity was the most intense in the 11-yearcycle, the number of sun spots was at its maximum, the average global temperaturewas 14.4 °C; while in 2011, when solar activity was the least intense, numberof sun spots was at minimum, the average global temperature was 14.8 °C.

　　(B)However,human factors also cause climate change.

　　*** *** 由于这是强点，亦是文章的主要部分(more important impact)，而由于一般要求整篇文章有三个大点即可，所以需要解释两个human factors。

　　第一个点：First is the massivedeforestation, which is the loss of forests due to the removal or clearance oftrees in forested areas. With trees removed, there are less plants to absorbcarbon dioxide through photosynthesis. This leads to increase in CO2 level inthe atmosphere. At the same time, soil, which consists of high level of carbonaccumulated through the decay of dead leaves and animals, is exposed tosunlight. This increases the temperature (下文可能简写temp——在考试中不要这么简写，这只是自己练习的时候的写法) of the soil as well as the rate of carbon oxidation, when carbonreacts with oxygen in the air, leading to an increase in CO2 emission.

　　[example:] Forexample, between 2000 and 2010, 52000 km^2 of forest was lost every year. In2010, the carbon dioxide emission in the world reached 30.6 billion tons, [LINK:] greatly contributingto global warming.

　　第二个点：Another human factor,the change in land use, also contributes greatly to global climate change.Secondary industries like manufacturing emits large amount of greenhouse gases (简写GH gases) as byproducts when goods are produced.

　　[example:] Forexample, producing a medium-sized new car costing £24,000 may generate morethan 17 tonnes of CO2 while producing a mobile phone emits 60 kg of CO2.

　　And in the urbanization process whichincreasing no. of people live in urban areas like cities, there is increasedlevel of GH gases emission as fossil fuels are burnt to provide electricity forhousehold activities like cooking and cooling. High concentration of motorvehicles like cars emit GH gases as well as they run on fuels which containcarbon.

　　[LINK:] Allthese emission of gases due to human activities lead to global warming,affecting climate.

　　(C)

　　Which set of factors is moreimportant?

　　Main argument：Althoughnatural causes like solar activity impact global climate, and lead to thechange in temperature, the impact is much less significant as compared to thehuge impact of human activities which affects the climate at a large scale andproduces an obvious trend. (这就是我在上文强调的comparison。)

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